Obtain this clarification in PDF here.
Attempt an exercise about reporting verbs right here.
Within the web page about reported speech, we talked about how to vary direct speech ("I really like espresso") into reported speech (Seonaid mentioned that she liked coffee), using the verbs 'say', 'inform' and 'ask'. Nonetheless, we can also use many different verbs to report what somebody said, like 'promise', 'warn', 'advise' and 'recommend'.
Some of these verbs look a bit more sophisticated to make use of than 'say' and 'tell', but it's just a question of attending to know the verb patterns (or verb buildings).
(As I am certain you already know, we will often select if we want to make use of 'that' or not in English. I've put it in brackets () to point out that it is optional. The meaning is exactly the same if you utilize 'that' or if you don't use 'that'.)
1: SAY
Let's look first at the verbs we've already talked about. The basic verb pattern for utilizing 'say' for reported speech is:
say + (that) + clause - She stated (that) she had already eaten.
2: Tell
Then again, with 'tell' we want to make use of an object, a one who we inform the information to. See also my web page concerning the difference between 'say' and 'tell' right here.
inform + someone + (that) + clause - I instructed John (that) I had seen the brand new film.
When we are reporting orders, we also can use one other pattern with 'inform':
inform + someone + to + infinitive - She advised the kids to go to mattress.
3: ASK
We use 'ask' to report questions or requests. For questions we use the sample:
ask + someone + if / query word + clause - I requested my boss if I might depart early.
- She requested them the place the station was.
ask + somebody + to + infinitive - I requested Lucy to pass me the salt.
'she requested them the place was the station'. You'll be able to read more about this on my page about oblique questions and on my web page about reported speech.)
Different reporting verbs follow a number of patterns. I'm afraid there are no guidelines about which verbs observe which patterns. You want to study every one.
4: ADVISE*
(= Give someone recommendation. Notice the totally different spelling for the verb and the noun.)
Advise + somebody + to + infinitive - She suggested him to see a physician.
Advise + (that) + clause - The employees advise that you simply carry water at all times.
Advise + towards + verb-ing - I would advise towards leaving early.
5: AGREE
Agree + to + infinitive - We agreed to satisfy the next day.
Agree + (that) + clause - I agreed that the children might do their homework later.
6: APOLOGISE
Apologise + (to + somebody) + for + verb-ing - They apologised to us for being late.
- She apologised for forgetting the e-book.
Apologise (+ to + someone) + for + noun - She apologised for the delay.
7: Determine
Determine + to + infinitive - They decided to go to the cinema.
Resolve + (that) + clause - They decided that they would go to the cinema.
8: ENCOURAGE
Encourage + someone + to + infinitive - She inspired him to take the examination once more.
- The teacher encouraged the scholars to ask questions.
9: Clarify
Clarify + (that) + clause - The trainer defined that the course was completed.
Clarify + noun + to + someone - She defined the grammar to the scholars.
She explained me the grammar.
Explain + query word + to + infinitive - They defined how to purchase a prepare ticket on the internet.
- John explained the place to search out the restaurant.
Clarify + query phrase + clause - We defined what the exams would cover.
10: INSIST*
Insist + on + verb-ing - He insisted on paying.
Insist + (that) + clause - He insisted that we sit down.
11: PROMISE
Promise + to + infinitive - He promised to arrive early.
Promise + (somebody) + (that) + clause - I promised him that I wouldn't do it once more.
12: Suggest*
Suggest + verb-ing - I recommend visiting the British Museum while you are in London.
Suggest + (that) + clause - I recommend that you just go to the British Museum
13: REMIND
Remind + someone + to + infinitive - She reminded him to take his keys.
Remind + someone + (that) + clause - They reminded me that there is a get together tonight.
14: Counsel*
Suggest + verb-ing - I suggest leaving quickly
Counsel + (that) + clause - I suggest that you just come as soon as you may.
I recommend him to come.
15: WARN
Warn + somebody + (not) + to + infinitive - I warned them not to go within the water.
Warn + somebody + about + one thing - She warned us in regards to the harmful roads.
Negatives
To make the verbs that we've got reported unfavorable, we need to look on the verb pattern:
- When there's a clause, we make the unfavourable in the same old means: She mentioned that she didn't like ice cream.
- When there's 'to + infinitive', we usually put 'not' before 'to': He promised not to do it again.
- When there's 'verb-ing', we usually put 'not' in entrance of it: I advise not taking the bus.
Strive an train about reporting verbs here.
* Advanced Point
In formal English, some verbs that are adopted by '(that) + clause' use the infinitive instead of a present tense verb. Some folks counsel that this is a form of subjunctive in English. You only want to worry about this in very formal writing.
Largely, this would not make a distinction, because the current simple kind in English is commonly the same because the infinitive form. But when the topic is 'he', 'she' or 'it' or when the verb is 'be', we are able to see it clearly. - I advise that he go to bed early. (Usually we might expect: I advise that he goes to bed early.)
- I insist that she come now. (Usually we might expect: I insist that she comes now.)
- They urged that the cats be put in the backyard for the evening. (Usually we'd anticipate: They urged that the cats are put in the backyard for the night time.)
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